Quiñónez, AL, Fuller, TK and Randhir, TO. (2018). A Review of Otter Distribution Modeling: Approach, Scale, and Metrics. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 35 (2): 97 - 127

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APPENDIX A1 – VARIABLES USED FOR DIFFERENT OTTER SPECIES

Table A1 - Factors use for modeling Lutrogale perspicillata.
Many studies do not consider variable significance in their analysis.

Article/thesis name Factors Scale
Ali et al., 2010 roads, population, vegetation, water body characteristics regional

Table A2 - Factors use for modeling Aonyx capensis.
Factors in bold where found to be significant for this species.

Article/Thesis Author Factors Scale
Nel and Somers 2007 land use, water body characteristics, water use, pollution, food resources, vegetation country

Table A3 - Factors use for modeling Lontra provocax.
Factors in bold where found to be significant for this species.

Article/Thesis Author Factors Scale
Aued et al., 2003 competition (mink), water body characteristics, elevation, vegetation, population, precipitation, roads local
Sepúlveda et al., 2009 Food resources, water body characteristics, vegetation, temperature, roads country

Table A4 - Factors use for modeling Pteronora brasiliensis.
Factors in bold where found to be significant for this species.

Article/Thesis Author Factors Scale
de Oliveira et al. 2015 population, fishing nets, water body characteristics regional

Table A5 - Factors use for modeling Lontra canadensis.
Factors in bold where found to be significant for this species.  Many studies do not consider variable significance in their analysis.

Article/Thesis Author Factors Scale
Dubuc et al., 1990 roads, population, vegetation, water body characteristics, river hierarchy, resource availability (beavers) local
Bieber, 2016 distance to the nearest otter release site (km), vegetation, water body characteristics, resource availability local
Jeffress et al., 2011 Local: vegetation, river hierarchy, water body characteristics, land use                                              Landscape: land use, vegetation, river hierarchy, roads regional
Bennett, 2014 land use, vegetation, water body characteristics, competition (mink), resource available (beaver), other (ecosystem types and land uses) regional

Table A6 - Factors use for modeling Enhydra lutris.
Many studies do not consider variable significance in their analysis.

Article/Thesis Author Factors Scale
Williams et al., 2017   water body characteristics regional

Table A7 - Factors use for modeling Lutra lutra.
Factors in bold where found to be significant for this species. Many studies do not consider variable significance in their analysis.

Article/Thesis Author Factors   Scale
Thom et al., 1998 vegetation and food resources (no relationship found) local
Park et al., 2002 water body characteristics, vegetation, road, tourism local
Ottino et al., 1995 vegetation, water body characteristics, disturbance regional
Loy et al., 2009 population, elevation, vegetation regional
Cianfrani et al., 2010 vegetation, land use, population, elevation, water body characteristics, food resources 
regional
Carone et al., 2014 vegetation, elevation regional
Kemenes and Demeter 1995 land use, other possible factors (variable, e.g. pollution, dry section in water body), water body characteristics, vegetation country
Barbosa et al., 2001 longitude, soil permeability, air humidity, roads, latitude, precipitation, insolation, solar radiation, evapotranspiration, run-off, bioclimatic belts, temperature, phytogeographic sectors, population, tourism, land use, vegetation country
Barbosa et al., 2003 run-off, soil permeability, latitude and longitude, elevation, precipitation, insolation, solar radiation, frost days, evaporation, temperature, air humidity, population, roads country
Marcelli and Fusillo, 2009 population, land use, roads, river hierarchy, elevation  
country
Ottaviani et al., 2009 roads, vegetation, elevation, water body characteristics country
Cianfrani et al., 2013 bioclimatic model: temperature, precipitation        
regional environmental model: land use, elevation, population, vegetation
country
Cianfrani et al., 2011 Roads, population, precipitation, river hierarchy, land use, vegetation, water body characteristics, elevation continental

Table A8 - Factors use for modeling Lontra longicaudis.
Factors in bold where found to be significant for this species. Many studies do not consider variable significance in their analysis.

Article/Thesis Author Factors Scale
Gori et al., 2003 vegetation, water body characteristics, resource availability local
Santiago-Plata, 2013 species distribution model:
land use, roads, population, river hierarchy, elevation, precipitation and temperature.   
Occupancy model:              
Local variables: vegetation, water body characteristics, elevation, human (impacts) 
landscape variables: vegetation, land use, roads, river hierarchy
local
Gomez et al., 2014 elevation, water body characteristics, population, polder cover (%), boat traffic, vegetation, land use, contaminants local
Cruz et al., 2017 water body characteristics, vegetation local
Cirelli and Sánchez-Cordero, 2009 vegetation, elevation, precipitation, temperature regional
Lopes Rheingantz et al., 2014  precipitation, temperature, elevation, population, vegetation, water body characteristics geographic extent

Appendix A1 – Variables used for different otter species

Appendix A2 - Advantages and disadvantages of modeling approaches

Appendix A3 - Appendix A3 – Metrics used at each scale

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