IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group Bulletin
©IUCN/SCC Otter Specialist Group
Volume 39 Issue 1 (February 2022)
Citation: Rihadini, R., Appel, A., Handono, C.D., and Febrianto, I. (2022). First Photographic Records of the Small-Clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus (Illiger, 1815) in Eastern Java, Indonesia. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 39 (1): 3 - 15
First Photographic Records of the Small-Clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus (Illiger, 1815) in Eastern Java, Indonesia
Ragil Rihadini1, Angie Appel2*, Cipto Dwi Handono1, and Iwan Febrianto1
1Yayasan Eksai, Kutisari St. I no. 19, Surabaya 60291, Indonesia
2 Wild Cat Network, 56470 Bad Marienberg, Germany
*Corresponding Author Email: angie@wild-katze.org
(Received 31st May 2021, accepted 29th August 2021)
Abstract: The knowledge about the distribution of the Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus on the Indonesian island of Java largely dates to the 20th century. We present the easternmost photographic evidence for its presence on Java. A camera trapping survey in 2018 yielded 28 notionally independent events of the Small-clawed Otter in a mangrove ecotourism site located east of the city of Surabaya. Most of these events show solitary individuals at night. Two duos were recorded in fishponds, and family groups between mid-November and end of December. The mangrove habitat along the coastline of this site is polluted by plastic waste, and microplastic entered the food chain through molluscs and fish, the main prey of the Small-clawed Otter. Further surveys are warranted to determine the distribution and conservation needs of the Small-clawed Otter in coastal wetlands of eastern Java..
Keywords: Wonorejo Mangroves, camera trapping, coastal wetland
INTRODUCTION
The Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus has an extensive geographic range in subtropical and tropical Asian wetlands (Wright et al., 2015). Since the early 20th century, wetlands have been imperilled by large-scale conversions for agriculture and aquaculture, as well as construction of industrial and hydropower plants (Gopal, 2013; Davidson, 2014; Dixon et al., 2016). This habitat loss coupled with unsustainable over-hunting led to the decline of the global Small-clawed Otter population, and it is therefore listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (Wright et al., 2015). Repeated records of Small-clawed Otter pups offered alive in Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia indicate that the illegal pet trade is a major driver for unsustainable hunting (Shepherd and Tansom, 2013; Gomez and Bouhuys, 2017; Gomez and Bouhuys, 2018; Siriwat and Nijman, 2018).
The Small-clawed Otter has been known to occur on Java since the early 19th century (Illiger, 1815). It was commonly encountered in agricultural, urban and semi-urban environments on Java until at least the early 20th century but was intensively hunted and considered a pest to commercial fisheries (Meijaard, 2014). In western Java, it inhabits aquaculture sites along the coast, in creeks, irrigation channels and rice fields (Melisch et al., 1994). It was also sighted near the drainage system in southern Jakarta (Meijaard, 2014). As it is threatened by pollution and conversion of natural wetlands, it was proposed to be protected under Indonesian law in 1994 (Melisch et al., 1994). Since then, several authors reported live Small-clawed Otters offered for sale in Indonesian wildlife markets and social media platforms (Aadrean, 2013; Gomez et al., 2016; Gomez and Bouhuys, 2017; Gomez and Bouhuys, 2018; Gomez et al., 2019). Despite these reports, the Small-clawed Otter had still not received formal protection in the country by 2018 (Gomez and Shepherd, 2018). The IUCN Otter Specialist Group called for a long-term program to evaluate the status and dynamics of the Small-clawed Otter in human-altered wetland habitats in Indonesia (Duplaix and Savage, 2018).
From July 2018 to January 2019, we conducted a camera trapping survey in a coastal wetland located east of Surabaya. This survey yielded the first photographic evidence for the presence of the Small-clawed Otter along the northern coast of eastern Java.
STUDY AREA
The Wonorejo Mangroves are located at the eastern outskirts of Surabaya in the province Jawa Timur (Prasita, 2015). They are bounded by the estuaries of the rivers Wonorejo in the north and Avuur in the south, both emptying into the Madura Strait at 7.304°S, 112.845°E and 7.322°S, 112.838°E, respectively (Fig. 1). They comprise about 300 ha of mangrove swamps and brackish aquaculture ponds (Fig. 2), latter varying in size from 0.3 ha to 8.5 ha. This area was designated as an ecotourism site in 2010 (Murtini et al., 2018) and forms part of a Mangrove Conservation Area (Prasita, 2015). The city government of Surabaya initiated a mangrove rehabilitation program (Hakim et al., 2017) and bought five abandoned fishponds in the Wonorejo Mangroves of about 13 ha in total, which are being renaturalised (Management team of the Mangrove Information Center in Gunung Anyar Mangroves, personal communication 24 July 2018). The other ponds are owned and managed by small cooperatives and families who cultivate Milkfish Chanos chanos, Catfish Clarias batrachus, Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus, Asian Sea Bass Lates calcarifer and mud crabs Scylla. There is no permanent house in this area. Pond workers use small shacks by day, if and when they need to carry out maintenance work such as regulating inflow of water, harvesting and restocking ponds.
Contiguous mangroves cum aquaculture ponds straddle along the coast over at least 225 km2 up to the city of Pasuruan (Prasita, 2015; Maryantika and Lin, 2017). A part of 56 km2 was designated as the Important Bird Area (IBA) Pantai Timur Surabaya, a resting and breeding site for migratory waterbirds (BirdLife International, 2018). A part of the mangrove swamps to the west of this IBA were converted between 1995 and 2015 to make way for the extension of the nearby airport (Maryantika and Lin, 2017).
The climate in the entire region is dominated by the Southeast Asian monsoon that brings high humidity during the wet season from November to April (Aldrian and Djamil, 2008). Monthly rainfall ranges from 105 mm in November to 327 mm in January and decreases to 101 mm in June (WWIS, 2020). Dry southerly winds prevail during July to October (Aldrian and Djamil, 2008). This dry season exhibits a total of 19 rainy days on average with a total mean rainfall of 81 mm (WWIS, 2020). Temperatures range from a daily minimum of 22.5 °C in August to a daily maximum of 33.4 °C in October (WWIS, 2020)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We used six Enkeeo PH730 camera traps and set them to be active for 24 hours per day taking three photographs within an interval of one second followed by a video of 20 seconds. We mounted one camera trap per station 30–45 cm above ground without attractant and deployed the stations opportunistically on dykes between ponds. Where accessible, we also deployed camera traps in mangrove patches along Avuur River and in silted-up areas inside ponds. We kept the stations for 6–117 days and determined their coordinates using the GPS function of a mobile phone, model Xiaomi Redmi 4X, which was set to WGS84 datum. Camera traps were deployed, checked and moved in the mornings, so that we define a camera trap day as a full 24-hour day.
We consider consecutive photographs of the same species within 30 minutes to be a notionally independent event. We relied on the data provided by TDAS (2021) to determine the times of night, dawn, day and dusk of these notionally independent events. To analyse and visualize the activity pattern of the Small-clawed Otter in our study area we used the package ‘activity’ in the statistical software R (Rowcliffe et al., 2014; R Development Core Team, 2021).
RESULTS
The camera trapping survey was carried out from 18 July 2018 to 6 January 2019 in 14 stations. The total sampling effort of 519 camera trap days yielded 28 notionally independent events (NIE) of the Small-clawed Otter between 12 September and 29 December in six stations. It was photographed on dykes between ponds in four stations, on the muddy bank of a pond in one and swimming in another station (Fig. 3). Solitary individuals were recorded in 21 NIE, groups of three to five individuals in five NIE (Fig. 4), and duos in two NIE. Three NIE were taken in early mornings shortly after sunrise between 5:30 and 6:11 h, and the remaining after dark between 18:08 and 03:00 h (Fig. 5).
Other wildlife photographed in the study area comprises Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica, Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, Javan Mongoose Urva javanicus, Sunda Leopard Cat Prionailurus javanensis, Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis, Asian Water Monitor Varanus salvator, rodents, birds and mud crabs.
DISCUSSION
Our survey yielded the first photographic evidence for the presence of the Small-clawed Otter in eastern Java. To date, its distribution in Java has been thought to be discontinuous, limited to widely spaced areas in western Java and in the south of the provinces Jawa Tengah and Jawa Timur (Wright et al., 2015; Fig. 1). Previous records on the island were based on reports by local people (Yossa et al., 1991; Husodo et al., 2019), tracks and spraints found in the vicinity of slow-flowing rivers, narrow mountain creeks, irrigation channels and rice fields, all in western Java (Melisch et al., 1996; Megantara et al., 2019). Live individuals were sighted near drainage channels in southern Jakarta (Meijaard, 2014) and photographed by camera traps in Cisokan (Husodo et al. 2019), both also in western Java. Tracks, faeces and empty nests found along six rivers in Batang Regency of Jawa Tengah were attributed to the Small-Clawed Otter (Dwijayanti et al. 2021).
Elsewhere in Southeast Asia, it inhabits rice fields (Foster-Turley, 1992; Aadrean et al., 2011; Aadrean and Usio, 2020; Andreska et al., 2021) and peat swamp forest (Cheyne et al., 2010; Kanchanasaka and Duplaix, 2011). We did not find any evidence for the Small-clawed Otter using rice fields outside Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Java. The lack of such records in India may be due to the dearth of surveys in this habitat type (Arjun Srivathsa, in litt. 4 March 2021; Katrina Fernandez, in litt. 5 March 2021). It has been recorded widely across its range in the vicinity of freshwater lowland and montane streams (Kruuk et al., 1994; Castro and Dolorosa, 2008;Hon et al., 2010; Perinchery et al., 2011; Prakash et al., 2012; Naniwadekar et al., 2013; Mohapatra et al., 2014; Punjabi et al., 2014; Raha and Hussain, 2016; Krupa et al., 2017; Nikhil and Nameer, 2017; McCann and Pawlowski, 2017; Mudappa et al., 2018; Sreekumar and Nameer, 2018; Sanghamithra and Nameer 2018; Li et al., 2019; Tantipisanuh et al., 2019; Marler et al., 2019; Menzies and Rao, 2021). Published sightings in mangrove habitat are limited to Similajau National Park in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo (Duckworth, 1997) and the Sundarbans Mangroves in Bangladesh (Aziz, 2018). In southwestern Thailand, it was also photographed in mangrove swamps (Tantipisanuh et al., 2019).
In view of the small size of our study area, all 28 NIE of the Small-clawed Otter presumably show the same individuals, comprising two adults between 12 September and 9 November and a family group between 13 November and 29 December 2018. Camera trap photographs showing one to three individuals were often reported (Naniwadekar et al., 2013; Punjabi et al., 2014; Krupa et al., 2017; Nikhil and Nameer, 2017; Mudappa et al., 2018; Sanghamithra and Nameer, 2018; Li et al., 2019). Groups of four to five individuals were photographed in three protected areas (McCann and Pawlowski, 2017; Allen et al., 2019; Marler et al., 2019). Willcox et al. (2017) reported a maximum group size of eight individuals in U Minh Ha National Park, Vietnam. A group of about nine individuals was documented in a coastal wetland in western Java (Erwin Wilianto in litt., 17 November 2016), and also near the Andaman coast in southern Thailand (Tantipisanuh et al., 2019). In contrast, Aziz (2018) observed groups of up to 12 members apart from solitary individuals and duos between November and March.
The activity pattern of the Small-Clawed Otter observed in our study area is only a first indication and may not be representative for its general behaviour. However, this pattern fits with its nocturnal and crepuscular activity in habitats that are frequented by people (Foster-Turley, 1992; Prakash et al., 2012; Krupa et al., 2017; Nikhil and Nameer, 2017; Sreekumar and Nameer, 2018; Li et al., 2019). In undisturbed protected areas, it was also photographed by day (Mohapatra et al., 2014; McCann and Pawlowski, 2017; Willcox et al., 2017; Aziz, 2018; Sanghamithra and Nameer, 2018; Allen et al., 2019; Marler et al., 2019; Tantipisanuh et al., 2019; Menzies and Rao, 2021).
Low and dense vegetation is considered important as shelter for the Small-clawed Otter (Foster-Turley, 1992; Melisch et al., 1996; Prakash et al., 2012). In the Wonorejo Mangroves, dense vegetation is present off trails and in silted-up areas inside abandoned ponds. Potential prey of the Small-clawed Otter includes crustaceans, mudskippers Periophthalmus and fish, which elsewhere have been found to constitute its staple diet (Foster-Turley, 1992; Kruuk et al., 1994; Melisch et al., 1996; Hon et al., 2010; Kanchanasaka and Duplaix, 2011; Aziz, 2018). On the other hand, the concentration of heavy metals in flesh of mud crabs in the Wonorejo River is slightly below the threshold recommended for human consumption (Ardianto et al., 2019). The coastline of the Wonorejo Mangroves is polluted by plastic waste, both macro- and microplastic (Kurniawan et al., 2019; Firdaus et al., 2020). Marine organisms ingest microplastic, which possibly acts as a vector for the chemical transfer of pollutants within the food chain (Teuten et al., 2007). Microplastic was found in molluscs and fish in other parts of the Javan coastline (Lestari and Trihadiningrum, 2019). Both heavy metals and microplastic are likely to be detrimental to the health of wildlife in the Wonorejo Mangroves. A strategy to clean up remnant mangrove patches from plastic waste is urgently required, and frequent manual cleanups are imperative. We consider it vital to monitor the water quality in estuaries and in ponds as a prerequisite for intervention in case the water quality deteriorates.
On Java, the Small-clawed Otter is primarily threatened by poaching for the pet trade (Aadrean, 2013; Gomez et al., 2019). Between November 2018 and January 2019, Gomez et al. (2019) traced 42 advertisements offering pups in the province of Jawa Timur alone that were posted on a social media platform, including 19 offers in Surabaya. The legal protection of the Small-clawed Otter in Indonesia is long overdue (Melisch et al., 1994; Gomez and Shepherd, 2018; Duplaix and Savage, 2018; Gomez et al., 2019). Tough penalties must be adopted and enforced to deter catching and trading of otters in the country. We also recommend monitoring of social media platforms and wildlife markets in Surabaya and neighbouring cities. As already stipulated by Duplaix and Savage (2018), it is equally essential to raise public awareness for the challenges to safeguard the Small-clawed Otter.
Given the extent of the coastal wetland between the cities of Surabaya and Pasuruan, this broader area may constitute an important refuge for the Small-clawed Otter on Java. Systematic surveys are urgently needed in this area and adjacent agricultural fields to the southwest to acquire baseline data on its population size, threats and conservation needs. We also recommend to explore river valleys farther south that might constitute corridors to the population along the southern coast of Jawa Timur.
Acknowledgements: We are grateful to The Aspinall Foundation, Wong Chia Lee and Poo Lin Stefano Wong for providing much needed equipment. We thank officers of the Wildlife and Nature Conservation Agency of Jawa Timur who kindly provided valuable information about mangrove swamps in northeastern Java. We also thank Nicole Duplaix for her assistance in identifying the species. We are much obliged to Will Duckworth for inspiring discussions and suggestions that greatly improved our manuscript.
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Abstrak: Catatan Fotografi Pertama Berang-Berang Cakar Kecil Aonyx Cinereus (Illiger, 1815) Di Jawa Timur, Indonesia
Informasi mengenai distribusi Berang-berang Cakar Kecil Aonyx cinereus di pulau Jawa, Indonesia sebagian besar berasal dari abad ke-20. Kami menyajikan bukti fotografi kehadiran Berang-berang Cakar Kecil di sisi paling timur Pulau Jawa. Dari hasil survei kamera trap di tahun 2018, diperoleh 28 kejadian independen dari Berang-berang Cakar Kecil di wilayah ekowisata mangrove yang berlokasi di sisi timur kota Surabaya. Kebanyakan dari kejadian yang tertangkap oleh kamera trap menunjukkan individu soliter pada malam hari. Dua pasangan terekam di tambak ikan, dan grup keluarga terekam di pertengahan November dan akhir Desember. Habitat mangrove di sepanjang garis pantai pada lokasi ini tercemar oleh sampah plastic, dan mikroplastik memasuki rantai makanan melalui moluska dan ikan, makanan utama dari Berang-berang Cakar Kecil. Survei lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk menentukan distribusi dan kebutuhan konservasi spesies Berang-berang Cakar Kecil di pesisir lahan basah Jawa bagian timur.
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Résumé: Premiers Preuves Photographiques de la Loutre Cendrée Aonyx cinereus (Illiger, 1815) dans l’Est de Java, Indonésie
La connaissance sur la distribution de la Loutre Cendrée Aonyx cinereus sur l’île indonésienne de Java remonte en grande partie au 20ième siècle. Nous présentons les preuves photographiques les plus orientales de sa présence à Java. Une enquête par piéges photographiques en 2018 a révélé 28 événements théoriquement indépendants de la Loutre Cendrée dans un site écotouristique de mangrove situé à l’est de la ville de Surabaya. La plupart de ces événements montrent des individus solitaires durant la nuit. Deux duos ont été enregistrés dans des étangs piscicoles et des groupes familiaux entre la mi-Novembre et la fin Décembre. L’habitat de mangrove le long du littoral de ce site est pollué par les déchets plastiques, et le microplastique est entré dans la chaîne alimentaire par des mollusques et des poissons, lesquelles sont les principales proies de la Loutre Cendrée. D’autres études sont nécessaires pour déterminer la distribution et les besoins de conservation de la Loutre Cendrée dans les zones humides littorales de l’st de Java.
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Resumen: Primeros Registros Fotográficos de la Nutria de Uñas Pequeñas Asiática Aonyx Cinereus (Illiger, 1815) en Java Oriental, Indonesia
El conocimiento sobre la distribución de la Nutria de Uñas Pequeñas Asiática Aonyx cinereus en la isla indonesia de Java, mayormente data del siglo 20. Presentamos la evidencia fotográfica más oriental de su presencia en Java. Un relevamiento con cámaras-trampa en 2018 produjo 28 eventos independientes de Nutria de Uñas Pequeñas en un sitio de ecoturismo ubicado al este de la ciudad de Surabaya. La mayoría de estos eventos muestran individuos solitarios, por la noche. Dos dúos fueron registrados en estanques para peces, y grupos familiares entre mediados de Noviembre y final de Diciembre. El hábitat de manglares que bordea la costa de éste sitio está contaminado por desechos plásticos, y los microplásticos ingresaron a la cadena alimentaria a través de moluscos y peces, la presa principal de la Nutria de Uñas Pequeñas. Se justifica realizar relevamientos adicionales para determinar la distribución y necesidades de conservación de la Nutria de Uñas Pequeñas en los humedales costeros de Java oriental.
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Zusammenfassung: Erste Aufnahmen des Zwergsotters Aonyx cinereus (Illiger, 1815) im Osten von Java, Indonesien
Das Wissen über die Verbreitung des Zwergotters Aonyx cinereus auf der indonesischen Insel Java datiert zum größten Teil aus dem 20. Jahrhundert. Wir stellen die östlichsten fotografischen Belege für seine Anwesenheit auf Java vor. Eine Untersuchung mithilfe von Kamerafallen in 2018 erbrachte 28 vermutlich unabhängige Nachweise des Zwergotters in einem ökotouristischen Mangrovengebiet östlich der Stadt Surabaya. Die meisten dieser Nachweise zeigen einzelne Individuen bei Nacht. Zwei Duos wurden in Fischteichen fotografiert, und Familiengruppen zwischen Mitte November und Ende Dezember. Das Mangrovengebiet entlang der Küste ist mit Plastikmüll verschmutzt, und in die Nahrungskette drang Mikroplastik durch Weichtiere und Fisch ein, die Hauptbeute des Zwergotters. Weitere Untersuchungen sind nötig um die Verbreitung des Zwergotters in küstennahen Feuchtgebieten im Osten Javas zu ermitteln und erforderliche Naturschutzmaßnahmen zu bestimmen.
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