IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group Bulletin

The African Otter Network is a group of specialists whose sole mission is to promote African otter conservation through research and education.

We have compiled and maintained this bibliography for many years. It is available on their website in a searchable Excel format, but we think it would reach a broader audience in the Bulletin.

Please notify africanotternetwork@gmail.com of omissions, new publications, or errors.

 Jan Reed-Smith and David Rowe-Rowe

A

African Otter Network. (2017). Information and ID sheets for African Otter. https://africanotternetwork.org/
Akani, G.C., Petrozzi, F., Ebere, N., Dendi, D., Phil-Eze, P., and Amadi, N. (2015). Correlates of indigenous hunting techniques with the wildlife trade in bushmeat markets of the Niger Delta (Nigeria). Vie et Milieu – Life and Environment, 65(3): 169-174 https://wwwphp.obs-banyuls.fr/Viemilieu/index.php/volume-65-2015/65-issue-3/653-article-7.html
Akani, G.C., Nioking, A.,  Eniang, E.A., Luiselli, L., and Petrozzi, F. (2015). Are mammal communities occurring at a regional scale reliably represented in “hub” bushmeat markets? A case study with Bayelsa State (Niger Delta, Nigeria). Folia Zoologica, 64(1):70-86. https://doi.org/10.25225/fozo.v64.i1.a9.2015
Akpona, a.h., Djagoun, C.A,M.S., Harrington, L.A. Kabré, A.T., Mensah, G.A. and Sinsin, B. (2015). Conflict between spotted-necked otters and fishermen in Hlan River, Benin. Journal for Nature Conservation, 27:63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2015.06.007
Akpona, H.A., Reed-Smith, J., Yoxon, G. (2016). Capacity Building to Conserve African Otters. Oryx, 50(1):13-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315001076
Akpona, H.A., Sinsin, B., and Mensah, G.A. (2011). Monitoring and Threat Assessment of the Spotted-necked Otter (Lutra maculicollis) in Southern Benin Wetlands. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 28(A):45-59. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume28A/Akpona_et_al_2011.html
Alary, F., Moutout, F., and Jacques, H. (2002). Still on the Tracks of the Congo Clawless Otter (Aonyx congicus): First Mission in Cameroon. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 19(1): 51 - 55 https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19/Alary_Moutou_Jacques_2002.html
Allen, D. (2010). Otter. Reakton Books. London, England. 183pp.
Amori, G., Segniagbeto, G.H., Decher, J., Assou, D., Gippoliti, S., and Luiselli, L. (2016). Non-marine mammals of Togo (West Africa): an annotated checklist. Zoosystema, 38(2):201-244. https://doi.org/10.5252/z2016n2a3
Amulke, B. (2011). Enhancing tourist opportunities to view spotted-necked otters (Lutra maculicollis) at Rubondo Island National Park: can the apriori location of latrines simplify identifying the best viewing areas? Master’s Thesis, Frostburg State University, Frostburg MA.
Amulke, B., Stevens, S.S., and Serfass, T. (2013). Enhancing tourist opportunities to view spotted-necked otters (Lutra maculicollis) at Rubondo Island National Park: can the apriori location of latrines simplify identifying the best viewing areas? African Journal of Ecology, 51:609-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12077
Andarge, E., Wube, T., and Balakrishnan, M. (2017). Diet analysis of the African clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) in and around Lake Tana. Journal of Ecology and Natural Environment, 9(4):53-61.  https://doi.org/10.5897/JENE2016.0608
Angelici, F.M., Luiselli, L., and Politano, E. (1999). Distribution and habitat of selected carnivores (Herpestidae, Mustelidae, Viverridae) in the rainforests of southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Mammalian Biology 64:116-120. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Zeitschrift-Saeugetierkunde_64_0116-0120.pdf
Angelici, F.M., Politano, E., Bogudue, A., and Luiselli, L. (2005). Distribution and habitat of otters (Aonyx capensis & Lutra maculicollis) in southern Nigeria. Italian Journal of Zoology, 72(3):225-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000509356675
Arden-Clarke, C.H.G. (1986). Population density, home range size, and spatial organization of the Cape clawless otter, Aonyx capensis, in a marine habitat. Journal of the Zoological Society, London 209: 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb03576.x
Avenant, N.L. (1997). Mammals recorded in the QwaQwa National Park (1994-1995). Koedoe 40(1): 31-40. https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v40i1.261

B

Bahaa-el-din, L., Henschel, P., Aba'a, R., Abernethy, K., Bohm, T., Bout, N., Coad, L., Head, J., Inoue, E., Lahm, S., Lee, M. E., Maisels, F., Rabanal, L., Starkey, M., Taylor, G., Vanthomme, Hadrien P. A., Nakashima, Y., and Hunter, L. (2013). Notes on the distribution and status of small carnivores in Gabon. Small Carnivore Conservation, 48:19-29. https://smallcarnivoreconservation.com/index.php/sccg/issue/view/274/76
Bandini, E., Bandini, M., Tennie, C. (2021). A Short Report on the Extent of Stone Handling Behavior Across Otter Species. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 8(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.01.02.2021
Baranga, J. (1995). The distribution and conservation status of otters in Uganda. Proceedings VII International Otter Colloquium. Habitat, 11:29-32. https://www.nhbs.com/1/series/habitat-series-arbeitsberichte-der-aktion-fischotterschutz-ev?qtview=137584
Barnett, A.A., Prangley, M., Hayman, P.V., Djiramba Diawara, D., and Koman, J. (1996). A survey of the Mammals of the Kounounkan Massif, South-Western, West Africa. Journal of African Zoology 110(3):236-240. http://www.rebeccashapley.com/akodon/reprint_pdfs/96GuineaKounounkanMammals.pdf
Bayo, M.J. and Rija, A.A. (2021). Distribution and Human-Otter Interaction in a Man-Made Mtera Dam: How Fishers perceive their Neighbour. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 38 (2): 95 - 105 https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume38/Bayo_Rija_2021.html  
Beuchat CA. (1999). Kidney structure of a euryhaline mammal, the Cape clawless otter (Aonyx capensis). South African Journal of Zoology 34(4):163-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1999.11448504
Blench, R., and Dendo, M. (2007). Mammals of the Niger Delta, Nigeria. http://rogerblench.info/Ethnoscience/Animals/Mammals/Niger%20Delta%20mammal%20book.pdf
Bouragaoui, Z., Ben Aba, W., Kilan, F., Sehli, O., Hammouda, M.A., Chebaane, S., Kmira, G., Boughdiri, H., Ben Youssef, M.S., Ben Youssef, B., Alileche, S., And Najjar, C. (2020). New sighting of the Near Threatened Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) in Tunisia. Otter Journal, International Otter Survival Fund 6: 20-25. https://otter.org/documents/journals/IOSF_Journal_Vol6_2020.pdf
Brooks, R.P., Serfass, T.L., Triska, M. and Rebelo, L-M. (2011) Ramsar Protected Wetlands of International Importance as Habitats for Otter. Proceedings of XIth International Otter Colloquium, IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 28B: 47 - 63. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume28B/Brooks_et_al_2011.html
Broyer, J., Aulagnier, S., Destre, R., and Gaschignard, O. (1984). La Loutre Lutra lutra splendida Cabrera, 1906 dans le sud du Maroc. Bulletin du Groupe Loutre de la S.F.E.P.M.,  18:12-20.
Brzeski, K.E., Wolfe, D., Ebana Ebana, C., Cooper, J.C., and Powell, L.L. (2016). Camera Sighting of Congo Clawless Otter in the Midst of a Rapid Development on Mainland Equatorial Guinea. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 33 (1): 96 - 101 https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume33/Brzeski_et_al_2016.html  
Butler, J. (1994) Cape clawless otter conservation and a trout river in Zimbabwe: A case study. Oryx 28:276-282. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300028684
Butler, J.R.A., and DuToit, J.T. (1994). Diet and conservation status of Cape clawless otter in eastern Zimbabwe. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 24(3):41-47. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC116952
Butler, J. R. A. and du Toit, J. T. (1995) Diet and Conservation Status of Cape Clawless Otters in Eastern Zimbabwe. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 11: 27- 30 https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume11/Butler_DuToit_1995.html
Butler, J.R.A., and Hillman, C. (1995). Cape clawless otters as indicators of water pollution by heavy metals and pesticides in Zimbabwe. Chapter 7 in Alonso LE, Lauginie F, Rondeau G (Eds.), RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 34: A Rapid Biological Assessment of Two Classified Forests in South-Western Côte d’Ivoire. Conservation International.

C

Carugati, C. (1995). Habitat, prey, and area requirements of otters (Aonyx capensis and Lutra maculicollis) in  the Natal Drakensberg. MSc thesis, Univ. of Natal. Pietermaritzburg.
Carugati, C, Rowe-Rowe DT, Perrin MR. (1995). Habitat use by Aonyx capensis and Lutra maculicollis in the Natal Drakensberg, South Africa: Preliminary results. Hystrix 7: 239-242. https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-7.1-2-4075
Carugati, C, Rowe-Rowe DT, Perrin MR. (1995). Habitat use by two species of otters in the Natal Drakensberg, South Africa.  In: C. Reuther, and D. Rowe-Rowe., editors. VI International Otter Colloquium Proceedings. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, 6-10 September 1993. Aktion Fischotterschutz, Hankensbüttel, Germany, Habitat 11:25-26.
Carugati, C, and Perrin MR. (1998). Habitat, prey and area requirements of otters (Aonyx capensis) and (Lutra maculicollis) in the Natal Drakensberg, South Africa. In Reuther , C. (Ed.), XIII International Otter Colloquium Proceedings. Trebon, Czech Republic. 14 - 20 March, 1998. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 19(1): 18-23.  https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19A/Trebon-I.pdf
Chanin P. (1985). The Natural History of Otters. Facts on File Publications. New York, New York; Oxford, England 179pp.
Chira M. (1993). Present Status of Otters and their Habitats in Kenya. In: C. Reuther, and D. Rowe-Rowe., editors. VI International Otter Colloquium Proceedings. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, 6-10 September 1993. Aktion Fischotterschutz, Hankensbüttel, Germany, Habitat 11:27-28.
Cianfrani C, Broennimann O, Loy A, Guisan A. (2018). More than range exposure: Global otter vulnerability to climate change. Biological Conservation 221:103-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.02.031

D

Davenport, L.C., Jacques, H. and Yedi, M.-L. (2011) Preliminary Findings from a New Study of the Congo Clawless Otter (Aonyx congicus) on the Dji Dji River, Ivindo National Park, Gabon (or “Where Have all the Otters Gone?”) Proceedings of XIth International Otter Colloquium, IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 28B: 69 – 84  https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume28B/Davenport_et_al_2011.html
de Ferran, V., Figueiró, H.V., de Jesus Trindade, F., Smith, O., Sinding, M.-H.S., Trinca, C.S., Lazzari, G.Z., Veron, G., Vianna, J.A., Barbanera, F, (2022). Phylogenomics of the world's Otters. Curr Biol, 32(16): 3650-3658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.036
De Luca, D.W., Mpunga, N.E. (2005). Carnivores of the Udzungwa Mountains: presence, distribution and threats. Unpublished report for the Wildlife Conservation Society. pp. 38.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniela-De-Luca-7/publication/228982270_Carnivores_of_the_Udzungwa_Mountains_presence_distributions_and_threats/links/02e7e522f194621982000000/Carnivores-of-the-Udzungwa-Mountains-presence-distributions-and-threats.pdf
De Luca, DW, Dewas, M, Mpunga, N, Machaga, SJ and Phillipps, GP (2018). The Conservation Status of Otters in Southwest Tanzania. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 35 (3): 134 – 147 https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume35/DeLuca_et_al_2018.html
de Villiers D & White RM. (1999). The distribution, status and conservation management of indigenous mammals in Transkei coastal forests. Proceedings: Natural Forests and Woodlands Symposium II, Knysna, South Africa. 1999. http://www.dalrrd.gov.za/phocadownloadpap/General_Reports/4185___The_distribution_status_and_conservation_management_of_indigenous_mammals_in_Transkei_coastal_forests_devilliers.pdf
Decher J., Kadjo B., Abedi -Lartey M., Tounkara E. O. & Kante S. (2005). A rapid survey of small mammals (shrews, rodents, and bats) from the Haute Dodo and Cavally Forests, Côte d’Ivoire. In Alonso L. E., Lauginie F. & Rondeau G. (Eds) A rapid biological assessment of two classified forests in south-western Côte d’Ivoire. RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment 34: 101-109.
Delibes, M., Calzada, J., Clavero, M., Fernández, N., Gutiérrez-Expósito, C., Revilla, E., & Román, J. (2012). The Near Threatened Eurasian otter Lutra lutra in Morocco: No sign of recovery. Oryx, 46(2), 249-252. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605311001517
d’Inzillo Carranza, I. (1995). Use of space and activity rhythms of spotted-necked otters in the Natal Drakensberg. MSc thesis, Univ. of Natal, Pietermaritzburg. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10346
d'Inzillo Carranza I, Rowe-Rowe D. 2013. Hydrictis maculicollis: Spotted-necked otter. Mammals of Africa Vol. V:114-118; Kingdon, J & Hoffman, M (eds), Bloomsbury Publ., London.
Djagoun, C.A.M.S., Akpona, H.A., Mensah, G.A., Nuttman, C., Sinsin, B. (2013). Wild Mammals Trade for Zootherapeutic and Mythic Purposes in Benin (West Africa): Capitalizing Species Involved, Provision Sources, and Implications for Conservation. In: Alves, R., Rosa, I. (eds) Animals in Traditional Folk Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29026-8_17
Djagoun, C.A.M.S., Kindomihou, V., Sinsin, B. (2009) Diversity and ethnozoological study of small mammals in villages of the Pendjari Biosphere Reserve in northern Benin. In: Parrotta, J.A., Oteng-Yeboah, A., Cobbinah, J. (Eds) Traditional forest-related knowledge and sustainable forest management in Africa. IUFRO world series vol 23. International Union of Forest Research Organizations [IUFRO], Vienna, pp 191–198 https://www.iufro.org/publications/series/world-series/article/2009/09/10/world-series-vol-23-traditional-forest-related-knowledge-and-sustainable-forest-management-in-afr/
Djagoun, C.A.M.S., Gaubert, P. (2009). Small carnivorans from southern Benin: a preliminary assessment of diversity and hunting pressure. Small Carnivore Conservation, 40:1-10. https://smallcarnivoreconservation.com/index.php/sccg/issue/view/283/85
Dognimon, S, Djagoun, C.A.M.S., Djego, S, Akpona, H.A., Djego, J, Akpona, J.D.T. and Sinsin, B (2019). Spotted-Necked Otter (Hydrictis maculicollis) Distribution and Determining Factors of Habitat Occurrence in the Lower Ouémé Valley, Southern Beninn. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 36 (1): 48 – 60  https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume36/Dognimon_et_al_2019.html
Do Linh San, E., Ferguson, A.W., Belant, J.L., Schipper, J., Hoffmann, M., Gaubert, P., Angelici, F.M. and Somers, M.J. (2013). Conservation status, distribution and species richness of small carnivores in Africa. Small Carnivore Conservation, 48: 4-18 https://smallcarnivoreconservation.com/index.php/sccg/issue/view/274/76
Donnelly BG, Grobler JH. (1976). Notes on food and anvil using behaviour by the Cape clawless otter, Aonyx capensis,in the Rhodes Matopos National Park, Rhodesia. Arnoldia Rhodesia 7:1-8.
Dumalisile, L., Somers, M., Walters, M., & Nel, J. (2005). Tourists’ willingness to pay to view otters along the Wild Coast, South Africa: a potential for increased ecotourism. The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 1(1): 97-106. doi:https://doi.org/10.4102/td.v1i1.304
Duff H.L. (1903). Nyasaland under the Foreign Office. British Central Africa Administration. G. Bell ISBN 10: 1330458052ISBN 13: 9781330458051

E

Emmerson, W., Philip, S. (2004). Diets of Cape clawless otters at two South African coastal localities. African Zoology 39(2):201-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2004.11657217
Ergete, E.A., Hailemariam, T.W., Balakrishnan, M., Serfass, T.L. (2018). Fishermen knowledge and conflict with African clawless otters in and around Lake Tana, Ethiopia. African Journal of Ecology, 56(2): 409-413. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12447

F

Fa, J.E., Juste, J., Burn, R.W., Broad, G. (2002). Bushmeat Consumption and Preferences of Two Ethnic Groups in Bioko Island, West Africa. Human Ecology 30: 397–416. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016524703607
Fa, J.E., Olivero, J., Farfán, M.Á., Márquez, A.L., Vargas, J.M., Real, R., Nasi, R. (2014). Integrating Sustainable Hunting in Biodiversity Protection in Central Africa: Hot Spots, Weak Spots, and Strong Spots. PLoS ONE, 9(11): e112367. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112367
Fischer, F. (2004). Status of the Camoé National Park, Côte d’Ivoire, and the effects of war. Parks 14(1) War and Protected Areas:16-25. https://www.academia.edu/5104930/Status_of_the_Como%C3%A9_National_Park_C%C3%B4te_dIvoire_and_the_effects_of_war
Flesher, K.M. (2013). Mammals in a Farm/Forest Mosaic in South-eastern Liberia. West African Journal of Ecology 21(2):79-93. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274313888_Mammals_in_a_FarmForest_Mosaic_in_South-eastern_Liberia
Foster-Turley, P., Macdonald, S., Mason, C. (1990). Otters: An Action Plan for Their Conservation. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.1990.SSC-AP.3.en

H

Haring, C., Weier, S. and Linden, B. (2023). Distribution and Habitat Preference of Cape Clawless Otters (Aonyx capensis) and Water Mongooses (Atilax paludinosus) in the Soutpansberg, South Africa. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 40 (1): 26 – 38 https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume40/Haring_et_al_2023.html
Harrington, R., Berghaier, R.W., Hearn, G.W. (2002). The status of carnivores on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Small Carnivore Conservation, 27:19-22 https://smallcarnivoreconservation.com/index.php/sccg/issue/view/294/96
Harris C.J. (1968). Otters: A Study of the Recent Lutrinae. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, England. ISBN-10: ‎ 0297767496. ISBN-13: ‎ 978-0297767497

J

Jacoby, M.R. and Williams, J.L.R. (1995). Recent Otter Records from Central Morocco. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 12: 11 – 12. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume12/Jacoby_Williams_1995.html
Jacques, H., Reed-Smith, J. & Somers, M.J. (2021). Aonyx capensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T1793A164575819. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T1793A164575819.en
Jacques, H., Reed-Smith, J., Davenport, L. & Somers, M.J. (2021). Aonyx congicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T1794A164576337. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T1794A164576337.en
Jacques, H., Moutou, F. & Alary, F. (2002). On the Tracks of the Congo Clawless Otter (Aonyx congicus) in Gabon. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 19(1): 40 – 50 https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume19/Jacques_Moutou_Alary_2002.html .
Jacques, H., Parnell, R., & Alary, F. (2013). Aonyx congicus Congo Clawless Otter. In J. Kingdon & M. Hoffmann (Eds.). Mammals of Africa: Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses (pp. 108–110). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472926951.0026
Jacques, H., Duplaix, N., Chapron, G. (2004). The Congo clawless otter: state of knowledge and needs for further research. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin 21(A):8pp. https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume21A/Jacques_et_al_2004_8th_OSG_Proc.pdf
Jacques, H., Veron, G., Alary, F., Aulagnier, S. (2009). The Congo clawless otters (Aonyx congicus) (Mustelidae:Lutrinae): a review of its systematics, distribution and conservation status. African Zoology 44(2):159-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2009.11407450
Jacques, H., Reed-Smith, J. (2018). Congo clawless otter. In: The Global Otter Conservation Strategy, Duplaix N & Savage M Editors, Publishers: IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group & Four Corners Institute, Salem, Oregon U.S.A. https://www.otterspecialistgroup.org/osg-newsite/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/IUCN-Otter-Report-DEC%2012%20final_small.pdf
Jordaan, R.K., McIntyre, T., Somers, M.J., Bester, M.N. (2015). An assessment of spatial and temporal variation in diet of Cape clawless otters (Aonyx capensis) in marine environments. African Journal of Wildlife Research 45(3):342-353. https://doi.org/10.3957/056.045.0342
Jordaan, R. K., Somers, M. J., McIntyre, T. (2017). Dancing to the message: African clawless otter scent marking behaviour. Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 28(2), 277-279. https://doi.org/10.4404/hystrix-28.2-12264
Jordaan, R.K., Somers, M.J., Hall, G., McIntyre, T. (2020). The diet of spotted-necked otters foraging in trout-stocked waters in Mpumalanga, South Africa. African Zoology 55(2):141-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2020.1741447
Jordaan, R.K., Somers, M.J., McIntyre, T. (2021). The diving behavior of African clawless and spotted-necked otters in freshwater environments. Journal of Mammalogy 102(4): 1020–1029. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab031

K

Kadongola, W.K. (1994). Otter Signs on the Islands of the Lake Malawi National Park IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 9: 5 https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume9/Kadongola_1994.html
Koepfli, K.- P. and Wayne, R.K. (1998). Phylogenetic relationships of otters (Carnivora: Mustelidae) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences. Journal of Zoology, 246: 401-416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00172.x
Koepfli, K.P., Wayne, R.K. (2003). Type I STS markers are more informative than cytochrome b in phylogenetic reconstruction of the Mustelidae (Mammalia: Carnivora). Syst Biol, 52(5):571-93 https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390235368
Koepfli, KP., Deere, K.A., Slater, G.J., Begg, C., Begg, K., Grassman, L., Lucherini, M., Veron, G. and Wayne, R.K. (2008). Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation . BMC Biol, 6: 10  https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-6-10
Koepfli, K.-P., Dragoo, J.W., and Xiaoming Wang (2017). The evolutionary history and molecular systematics of the Musteloidea. In Macdonald, D.W., Newman, . and Harrington, L.A.  (Eds), Biology and Conservation of Musteloids (Oxford, 2017) https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0002
Kruuk, H.(1995). Wild otters: Predation and populations. Oxford University Press. New York, New York and Oxford, England. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/wild-otters-9780198540700?cc=gb&lang=en&
Kruuk, H. (2006). Otters: ecology, behaviours and conservation. Oxford University Press. New York, New York and Oxford, England. https://academic.oup.com/book/8338
Kruuk, H. (2013). Lutra lutra: Common (Eurasian) otter. In J. Kingdon & M. Hoffmann (Eds.). Mammals of Africa: Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses (pp. 102). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781472926951.0026
Kruuk, H,, Goudswaard, P.C. (1990). Effects of changes in fish populations in Lake Victoria on the food of otters (Lutra maculicollis Schinz and Aonyx capensis Lichtenstein). African Journal of Ecology 28: 322-329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1990.tb01167.x
Kubheka, S.P., Rowe-Rowe, D.T., Alletson, J.D. and Perrin, M.R. (2013). Possible influence of increased riparian activity (stream modification and agricultural intensification) on abundance of South African otters. Afr. J. Ecol., 51: 288-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12033   
Kuhn, R.A. & Meyer, W. (2010). A Note on the Specific Cuticle Structure of Wool Hairs in Otters (Lutrinae). Zoological Science 27: 826-829.      https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.27.826
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