IUCN/SCC Otter Specialist Group Bulletin ©IUCN/SCC Otter Specialist Group Volume 40(D) Special Issue (|December 2023) Citation: Camp, V.L. (2023). A Bibliography on the Sea Otter Enhydra lutris .3rd Edition. IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 40 (D): 3 - 51 Previous | Contents | Next A Bibliography on the Sea Otter Enhydra lutris. 3rd Edition Victor L. Camp 1 1The Water School, Department of Ecology and Environmental Studies , Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers, FL USA. e-mail: vcamp@fgcu.edu or victorcamp300@gmail.com Download PDF (889 KB)

Originally published December 2021 as IUCN OSG Bull. 38(|D), 2021 (First Edition) Revised August 2022 as IUCN OSG Bull. 39(D), 2022 (Second Edition) This revision December 2023 as IUCN OSG Bull 40(D), 2023 (Third Edition)

INTRODUCTION

Compilation of this bibliography is intended to be a contributing resource in support of the “North American Otter Chronicles”. The Chronicles provide information on current and ongoing conservation and research initiatives on the three species of otters inhabiting North America.  These three species are the sea otter (Enhydra lutris), North American river otter (Lontra canadensis), and the neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis). Like the bibliographies compiled by this author on the North American river otter and the neotropical otter this bibliography was also compiled for (1) those undergraduates and graduates students searching for publications relative to a potential research project on the sea otter (Enhydra lutris),  (2) independent scientists, with an interest in the sea otters, who do not have access to a library at a major university, and (3) those scientists planning to expand their scientific investigations on the sea otter.

The citations for this bibliography were acquired from many sources. These sources include key word internet searches plus the year of interest, e.g., “Enhydra lutris 2010” or “Enhydra lutris 2020”. Many citations were located in the literature cited/reference sections of publications on the sea otter. The seaotters.org website provided numerous citations from 2001 onward. Another valuable resource was the IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin (IUCN OSG Bull) publications from 1986-2021.

This literature search ended on 24 December 2023.

A Bibliography on the Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris )

3rd Edition
Compiled by
Victor L. Camp
(as of 24 Dec 2023)

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N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z

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Adell, A.D., G. McBride, S. Wuertz, P.A. Conrad, W.A. Smith. (2016). Comparison of human and southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) health risks for infection with protozoa in nearshore waters. Water Research, 104: 220-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.004
Aguilar, A., D.A. Jessup, J. Estes, and J.C. Garza. (2008). The distribution of nuclear generation variation and historical demography of sea otters. The Zoological Society of London, 11: 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2007.00144.x
Allen, M.L. and S.M. Crimmins. (2019). Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from the northern and southern populations may find each other in Humboldt County, California. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 36 (2): 88-92 https://www.iucnosgbull.org/Volume36/Allen_Crimmins_2019.html
Ames , J.A., J. J. Geibel, F. E. Wendell, and C. A. Pattison. (1996). White shark ­inflicted wounds of sea otters in California 1968-1992. pp 309-316. In: Klimley, A.P. and D.G. Ainley (eds). Great White Sharks, San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0124150317
Ames, J.A. (1990). Impetus for capturing, cleaning, and rehabilitating oiled or potentially oiled sea otters after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill. pp 137-141. In: Bayha, K. and J. Kormendy (eds.). Sea otter symposium: Proceedings of a symposium to evaluate the response effort on behalf of sea otters after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill into Prince William Sound, Anchorage, Alaska. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report, 90(12). 126 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31789740
Ames, J.A. and G.V. Morejohn. (1980). Evidence of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) attacks on sea otters (Enhydra lutris). California Fish and Game, 66(4): 196-209. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22279719
Ames, J.A. R.A. Hardy, and F.E. Wendell. (1983). Tagging materials and methods for sea otters (Enhydra lutris). California Fish and Game, 69(4): 243-252. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19354070
Ames, J.A., R.A. Hardy, and F.E. Wendell. (1986). A simulated translocation of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) with review of capture, transport, and holding techniques. Marine Resources Technical Report, California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, California. 17 pp http://hdl.handle.net/1834/18621
Ames, J.A., R.A. Hardy, F.E. Wendell, and J.J. Geibel. (1983). Sea otter mortality in California. Report of the Marine Resources Division, California Department of Fish and Game, Monterey, California. 49 pp.
Anderson, C.G., J.L. Gittleman, K-P. Koepfi, and R.K. Wayne. (1996). Biology and status of the southern sea otter: Sea otter systematics and conservation: Which are critical subspecies? Endangered Species UPDATE Special Issue. 13(12): 6-10. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/39333/als9527.0013.012.pdf?sequence=1
Anonymous. (1978). Recommendations concerning the sea otter moratorium waivers proposed by the states of Alaska and California. pp.126-128. In: Duplaix-Hall, N. (ed.). Proceedings of the First Working Meeting of the Otter Specialist Group. Pararibo, Suriname, 27- March, 1977. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/6237
Anonymous. (2003). Suspected cat link to sea otter disease. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46: 272-272.
Anthony, R. G., J.A. Estes, M.A. Ricca, A.K. Miles, and E.D. Forsman. (2008). Bald eagles and sea otters in the Aleutian archipelago: Indirect effects of trophic cascades. Ecology, 89(10): 2725-2735. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1818.1
Antonelis Jr., G.A, S. Leatherwood, L.H. Cornell, and J.G. Antrim. (1981). Activity cycle and food selection of captive sea otters. The Murrelet, 62(1): 6-9. https://doi.org/10.2307/3534440
Antrim, J.E. and L.H. Cornell. (1980). Reproduction of the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook, 20: 76-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1980.tb00946.x
Antwiler, M.L. (2021). An analysis of behavior in captive southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). An Undergraduate Research Scholars Thesis. Texas A&M University. College Station, Texas. https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/194375
Armwood, A.R, C.E. Anderson, T. Clauss, and A.C. Camus. (2020). Primary intracranial fibrosarcoma in a southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 138: 207-213. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao03457
Arzi, B., J.N. Winer, P.H. Kass, and F.J. Verstraete. (2013). Osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Journal of Comparative Pathology,149(4): 486-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.03.009
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Bacon, C.E. (1994). An ecotoxicological comparison of organic contaminants in sea otters among populations in California and Alaska. M.S. University of California. Santa Cruz.
Bacon, C.E., W.M. Jarman, J.A. Estes, M. Simon, and R.J. Norstrom. (1999). Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otter (Enhyra lutris) populations in California and Alaska. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18: 452-458. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180313
Ballachey, B. (2013). Update on sea otter studies to assess recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill., Prince William Sound, Alaska. US Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2014–1030. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260416897
Ballachey, B.E. (1995). Biomarkers of damage to sea otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, following potential exposure to oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill State/Federal Natural Damage Assessment Final Report (Marine Mammal Study 6-1). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska. 20 pp. https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/gdcebookspublic.2023692405
Ballachey, B.E., C.S. Gorbics, and A.M. Doroff. (2001). Sea otter mortality in Orca Inlet, Prince William Sound, Alaska, winter 1995-1996. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Marine Mammals Management Technical Report, MMM 01-1. 23 pp. https://www.fws.gov/program/alaska-marine-mammals-management-office/alaska-sea-otter-program
Ballachey, B.E., D.H. Monson, K.A. Kloecker, G.G. Esslinger, F.C. Mohr, T.P. Lipscomb, M.J. Murray, and S. Howlin. (2014). Synthesis of nearshore recovery following the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill: Sea otter liver pathology and survival in western Prince William Sound, 2001–2008. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project Final Report (Restoration Projects 070808 and 070808a). U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska. February 2014. http://evostc.state.ak.us/Store/FinalReports/2007-070808-Final.pdf
Ballachey, B.E., J.L. Bodkin, and A.R. DeGange. (1994). An overview of sea otter studies. pp 47-59. In: Loughlin, T.R. (ed.). Marine Mammals and the Exxon Valdez. Academic Press. San Diego, California. 395 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-456160-1.50010-2
Ballachey, B.E., J.L. Bodkin, S. Howlin, A.M. Doroff, and A.H. Rebar. (2003). Correlates to survival of juvenile sea otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, 1992-1993. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81(9): 1494-1510. https://doi.org/10.1139/z03-121
Barabash-Nikifmv, I.I. (1947). Kalan. Pages 1-174 in Soviet Minzstroz RSFSR Glavnoe upravlenie po zapovednikam.[The sea otter. Translated from Russian by A Birron and Z.S. Cole for the National Science Foundation by the Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jeruselem, Israel. 1962.227 pp.]
Barnewitz, M. (2021). Sea otter resource depression? Analysis of Enhydra lutris remains from Yerba Buena Shellmound, San Francisco, California. Utah Conference on Undergraduate Research. University of Utah.
Barrett, E.H. (2019). The energetic cost of human disturbance on the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis). M.S. San Jose State University. https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.62cf-qybg
Bartlett, G, C. Smith, F. Dominik, F. Batac, E. Dodd, B.A. Byrne, S. Jang, D. Jessup, J. Chantrey, and M.J. Miller. (2016). Prevalence, pathology, and risk factors associated with Streptococcus phocae infection in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 52(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7589/2015-02-048
Baskaran, M., G.H. Hong, S. Dayton, J.L. Bodkin, and J.J. Kelley. (2003). Temporal variations of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in sea otter skull tissue in the North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 64(1): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00036-X
Batac, F.I., M.A. Miller, M.E. Moriarty, Z. Shen, J.G. Fox, and K.M. Ottemann, (2020). Helicobacter spp. in Necropsied Southern Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) is associated with Gastric Ulcers and Sensitive to Multiple Antibiotics. Frontiers in Marine Science. doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00413 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00413
Batten, B.T. (1990). Press interest in sea otters affected by the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill: A star is born. pp 31-40. In: Bayha, K. and J. Kormendy (eds.). Sea otter symposium: Proceedings of a symposium to evaluate the response effort on behalf of sea otters after the T/V Exxon Valdez oil spill into Prince William Sound, Anchorage, Alaska April 17-19, 1990. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report, 90(12). 126 pp.
Baur, D.C., A.M. Meade, and L.M. Rotterman. (1996). Recovery under the marine mammal protection act and beyond: The Law Governing Sea Otter Conservation. Endangered Species UPDATE Special Issue. 13(12): 73-78. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/39333/als9527.0013.012.pdf?sequence=1
Beatty, W.S., M. St. Martin, and R.R. Wilson. (2021). Evaluating the current condition of a threatened marine mammal population: Estimating northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) abundance in southwest Alaska. Marine Mammal Science, 37(4): 1245-1260. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12807
Becker, S.L., T.E. Nicholson, K.A. Mayer, M.J. Murray, and K.S. Van Houtan. (2020). Environmental factors may drive the post-release movements of surrogate-reared sea otters. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7: 539904. http://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.539904
Beichman, A.C., K.P. Koepfli, G. Li, W. Murphy, P. Dobrynin, S. Kliver, M.T. Tinker, M.J. Murray, J. Johnson, K. Lindblad-Toh, E.K. Karlsson, K.E. Lohmueller, and R.K.Wayne. (2019). Aquatic adaptation and depleted diversity: A deep dive into the genomes of the sea otter and giant otter. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 36(12): 2631-2655. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz101
Beichman, A.C., P. Kalhori, C.C. Kyriazis, A.A. DeVries, S. Nigenda-Morales, G. Heckel, Y. Schramm, A. Moreno-Estrada, D.J. Kennett, M. Hylkema, J. Bodkin, K.P. Koepfli, K.E. Lohmueller, and R.K.Wayne. (2023). Genomic analyses reveal range-wide devastation of sea otter populations. Molecular Ecology, 32(2): 281-298. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16334
Benech, S.V. (1979). Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) activities within the vicinity of the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant, 1973-1978. Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society, 15: 33-34. https://www.wildlifeprofessional.org/western/transactions/transactions_1979_5.pdf
Bentall, G.B. (2005). Morphological and behavioral correlates of population status in the southern sea otter: A comparative study between California and St. Nicolas Island. M.S. University of California. Santa Cruz. Unpublished.
Bentall, G.B., B.H. Rosen, J.M. Kunz, M.A. Miller, M.A., G.W. Saunders, and N.L. LaRoche. (2016). Characterization of the putatively introduced red alga Acrochaetium secundatum (Acrochaetiales, Rhodophyta) growing epizoically on the pelage of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Marine Mammal Science, 32(2): 753-764. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12275
Benz, C. (1996). Evaluating the attempts to reintroduce sea otters along the California coast line. Endangered Species UPDATE Special Issue, 13(12): 31-35. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/39333/als9527.0013.012.pdf?sequence=1
Benz, C. (1996). Recovery under the endangered species act: The second sea otter recovery plan. Endangered Species UPDATE Special Issue. 13(12): 36-37. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/39333/als9527.0013.012.pdf?sequence=1
Bigg, M.A. and I.B. MacAskie. (1978). Sea otters re-established in British Columbia. Journal of Mammalogy, 59(4): 874-876. https://doi.org/10.2307/1380163
Bissell, H. and F. Hubbard. (1968). Reports on the sea otter, abalone and kelp resources in San Luis Obispo and Monterey counties and proposals for reducing the conflict between the commercial abalone industry and the sea otter. California Fish and Game Report requested by Senate Concurrent Resolution 74 of 1967 Legislative Session.
Bodkin, J. L., B.E. Ballachey, H.A. Coletti, G.G. Esslinger, K.A. Kloecker, S.D. Rice, J.A. Reed, and D. H. Monson. (2012). Long-term effects of the ‘Exxon Valdez’ oil spill: Sea otter foraging in the intertidal as a pathway of exposure to lingering oil. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 447: 273- 287. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24875383
Bodkin, J.L. (2004). Alaska Sea Otter Research Workshop: Addressing the decline of the southwestern Alaska sea otter population (Seward: Alaska Sea Grant College Program, 2004). P12.
Bodkin, J.L. and B.E. Ballachey. (1996). Biology and status of the southern sea otter: Monitoring the status of the wild sea otter population-Field Studies and Techniques. Endangered Species UPDATE Special Issue. 13(12): 14-19. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/39333/als9527.0013.012.pdf?sequence=1
Bodkin, J.L. and M.S. Udevitz. (1996). 1993 trial aerial survey of sea otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska: Exxon Valdez oil spill restoration project final report (restoration project 93043-2), National Biological Service, Anchorage, Alaska. 35 pp. https://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/35840924.pdf
Bodkin, J.L., and D.H. Monson. (2003). Sea otter population structures and ecology in Alaska. Arctic Research of the United States, 16: 31-36. https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2003/nsf03021/nsf03021_5.pdf
Bodkin, J.L., B.E. Ballachey, M.A. Cronin and, M.K. & K.T. Scribner. (1999). Population demographics and genetic diversity in remnant and translocated populations of sea otter. Conservation Biology, 13(6): 1378-1385. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98124.x
Bodkin, J.L., B.E. Ballachey, T.A. Dean, A.K. Fukuyama, S.C. Jewett, L. McDonald, D.H. Monson, C. E. O’Clair, and G.R. VanBlaricom. (2002). Sea otter population status and the process of recovery from the 1989 ‘Exxon Valdez’ oil spill. Marine Ecology-Progress Series, 241: 237-253. https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps2002/241/m241p237.pdf
Bodkin, J.L., D.M. Mulcahy, and C.J. Lensink. (1993). Age specific reproduction in female sea otters (Enhydra lutris) in south central Alaska: Analysis of reproductive tracts. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 71: 1811-1815. https://doi.org/10.1139/z93-258
Bodkin, J.L., J.A. Ames, R.J. Jameson, A.M. Johnson, and G.M. Matson. (1997). Estimating age of sea otters with cementum layers in the first premolar. Journal of Wildlife Management, 61(3): 967-973. https://doi.org/10.2307/3802207
Bodkin, J.L. (2015). Historic and contemporary status of sea otters in the north Pacific. pp.43-61. In: Larson, S.E.B., J.L.,G.R. van Blaricom, G.R. (eds). Sea Otter Conservation. Academic Press, London, UK. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00003-2
Bodkin, J.L., G.G. Esslinger, and D.H. Monson. (2004). Foraging depths of sea otters and implications to coastal marine communities. Marine Mammal Science, 20: 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2004.tb01159.x
Boessenecker, R.W. (2018). A Middle Pleistocene Sea Otter from Northern California and the Antiquity of Enhydra in the Pacific Basin, Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 25: 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-016-9373-6
Bolin, R.L. (1938). Reappearance of the southern sea otter along the California coast. Journal of Mammalogy, 19: 301-303. https://doi.org/10.2307/1374567
Bonnell, M.L., R.G. Ford, and A.J. Brody. (1996). Recovery under the endangered species act: Assessing the threat of oil spills to southern sea otters. Endangered Species UPDATE Special Issue. 13(12): 38-42. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/39333/als9527.0013.012.pdf?sequence=1
Boolotian, R.A. (1958). The playful sea otter. Outdoor California, August: 12-14.
Boustany, A.M., D.A. Hernandez, E.A. Miller, J.A. Fujii, T.E. Nicholson, J.A. Tomoleoni, and K.S. Van Houtan, (2021). Examining the potential conflict between sea otter recovery and dungeness crab fisheries in California. Biological Conservation, 253: 108830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108830
Bowen L., A.K. Miles, C.A. Kolden, J.A. Saarinen, J.L. Bodkin, and M.J. & M.T. Tinker. (2014). Effects of wildfire on sea otter (Enhydra lutris) gene transcript profiles. Marine Mammal Science, 3(1): 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.12151
Bowen, L., A. Miles, B. Ballachey, S. Waters, and J. Bodkin. (2016). Gene transcript profiling in sea otters post-Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: A tool for marine ecosystem health assessment. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 4(2): 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse4020039
Bowen, L., A.K. Miles, M. Murray M. Haulena, J. Tuttle, W. Van Bonn, L. Adams, J.L. Bodkin, B. Ballachey, J. Estes, M.T. Tinker, R. Keister, and J.L. Stott. (2012). Gene transcription in sea otters (Enhydra lutris): Development of a diagnostic tool for sea otter and ecosystem health. Molecular Ecology Resources, 12(1): 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03060.x
Bowen, L., B.E. Ballachey, J.L. Bodkin, A.K. Miles, D. Esler, and K.A. Kloecker. (2017). Sea otter gene transcription data from Kodiak, the Alaska Peninsula and Prince William Sound, Alaska, 2005-2012: U.S. Geological Survey data release. https://doi.org/10.5066/F789141P
Bowen, L., B.M. Aldridge, A.K. Miles, and J.L. Stott. (2006). Expressed MHC class II genes in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from geographically disparate populations. Tissue Antigens, 67(5): 402-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00559.x
Bowen, L., S. Knowles, K. Lefebvre, M. St. Martin, M. Murray, K. Kloecker, D. Monson, B. Weitzman, B. Ballachey, H. Coletti, S. Waters, and C. Cummings. (2022). Divergent gene expression profiles in Alaskan sea otters: An indicator of chronic domoic acid exposure? Oceans, 3: 401-418. https://doi.org/10.3390/oceans3030027
Brancato, M. S., L. Milonas, C. E. Bowlby, R. Jameson, and J. W. Davis. (2009). Chemical contaminants, pathogen exposure and general health status of live and beach-cast Washington sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni). Marine Sancturaries Conservation Series ONMS 08-08. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of National Marine Sancturaies, Silver Springs, Maryland, 181 pp. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277063730
Brennan. E.J. and J. Houck. (1996). The role of rehabilitation and captive management in sea otter conservation: Sea otters in captivity-The need for coordinated management as a conservation Strategy. Endangered Species UPDATE, Special Issue, 13(12): 61-67. https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/39333/als9527.0013.012.pdf?sequence=1
Brody, A. J., K. Ralls, and R. B. Siniff. (1996). Potential impact of oil spills on California sea otters: Implications of the Exxon Valdez Spill in Alaska. Marine Mammal Science, 12(1): 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1996.tb00304.x
Brosseau, C., M.L. Johnson, and K.W. Kenyon. (1975). Breeding the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) at the Tacoma Aquarium. International Zoo Yearbook, 15: 144-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1975.tb01380.x
Brown, A.C., E. Elias. (2008). Extralimital records of the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) in northern California. Northwest. Naturalist, 89: 54-56. https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733(2008)89[54:EROTSO]2.0.CO;2
Brown, K.L., S. Atkinson, C.G. Furin, F.J. Mueter, and R. Gerlach. (2021). Metals in the stomach contents and brain, gonad, kidney, and liver tissues of subsistence-harvested northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) from Icy Strait, Alaska. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 166: 112183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112183
Brown, S.R., M. Glenn, and S.R. Libra. (1994). Case report: Perivular uroliths in the Alaska sea otter. Proceedings 25^th International Association of Aquatic Animal Medicine (IAAAM) Conference, Vallejo, California. Pages 16-20. https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11257&id=3864065&print=1
Brownstein, D., M.A. Miller, S.C. Oates, B.A. Byrne, S. Jang, M.J. Murray, V.A. Gill, and D.A. Jessup. (2011). Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from sea otters (Enhydra lutris). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 48: 181-185 http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-47.2.278
Bryant, H.C. (1915). Sea otters near Point Sur. California Fish and Game Bulletin, 1: 134-135. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/21686828
Burek-Huntington, K.A., D.M. Mulcahy, A.M. Doroff, and T.O. Johnson, (2012). Sarcomas in three free-ranging northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) in Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 48(2): 483-487. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-48.2.483
Burek-Huntington, K.A., V. Gill, and D.S. Bradway. (2014). Locally acquired disseminated histoplasmosis in a northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) in Alaska, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 50(2): 389-392. https://doi.org/10.7589/2013-11-288
Burek-Huntington, K.A., V.A. Gill, N. Bronson, and P. Tuomi. (2005). A pictorial guide to sea otter anatomy and necropsy findings. USFWS unpublished report. 44pp. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349962970
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